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Serving People in Need, Safeguarding Religious FreedomSources Part One A Past to Build On: Partnerships Before the Bush Administration Stephen V. Monsma, When Sacred and Secular Mix: Religious Nonprofit Organizations and Public Money (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), 6. Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 291, 298 (1899). Donald F. Kettl, Government by Proxy: (Mis?)Managing Federal Programs (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1988), ix, 7, 52, 10, 66, 4. Maris A. Vinovskis, History and Educational Policymaking (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 72-73. Mary M. Bogle, “A Survey of Congregation-Based Child Care in the United States” in Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001), 226, 220. Amy E. Black, Douglas L. Koopman, and David K. Ryden, Of Little Faith: The Politics of George W. Bush’s Faith-Based Initiatives (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004), 36. John J. DiIulio Jr., Godly Republic: A Centrist Blueprint for America’s Faith-Based Future (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007), 102, 103-105. Lester M. Salamon, Partners in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 2. Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America, ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 1998). Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2001). Community Services Block Grant Program, 42 U.S.C. Section 9901 et seq. (2008). Adolescent Family Life Act, 42 U.S.C. Section 300z et seq. (2008). Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589, 609, 616 (1988). David Saperstein, Public Values in an Era of Privatization: Public Accountability and Faith-Based Organizations: A Problem Best Avoided, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 1353 (2003). Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756 (1973). Child Care Development Block Grant Act, 42 U.S.C. Sections 9858 (authorization of appropriations), 9858k (limitations on use of financial assistance for certain purposes), 9858l (nondiscrimination), 9858n (definitions)(2008). Report from the House of Representatives Committee on Education and Labor, Act for Better Child Care Services of 1988 (September 27, 1988), 3, 4-6. Elizabeth J. Samuels, The Art of Line Drawing: The Establishment Clause and Public Aid to Religiously Affiliated Child Care, 69 Ind. L.J. 39, 47-48, 53, 54 (1993). The Clinton Administration’s Partnerships with Faith-Based Organizations Religious Expression in Public Schools: A Statement of Principles. Jennifer Bradley, Fighting the Establishment (Clause), The American Prospect (November 30, 2002). Religion in the Public Schools: A Joint Statement of Current Law. Alan E. Brownstein and Melissa Rogers, “The Religious Freedom Restoration Act” in Major Acts of Congress ed. Brian K. Landsberg (MacMillan Reference Books, 2003). Charitable Choice Emerges (1995 – 1996) Web site of Teen Challenge USA. Amy E. Black, Douglas L. Koopman, and David K. Ryden, Of Little Faith: The Politics of George W. Bush’s Faith-Based Initiatives (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004), 51-52. Julie Segal, “A ‘Holy Mistaken Zeal’: The Legislative History and Future of Charitable Choice” in Welfare Reform and Faith-Based Organizations (Waco, TX: J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, 1999), 10. Stephen V. Monsma, When Sacred and Secular Mix: Religious Nonprofit Organizations and Public Money (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996). The Roundtable on Religion and Social Welfare Policy, Scanning the Policy Environment for Faith-Based Social Services in the United States: Results of a 50-State Study (October 2003), 25. Some Specific Elements of Charitable Choice Charitable Choice provision in welfare reform legislation, 42 U.S.C. Section 604a (2008). Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639, 662 (2002). Julie Segal, “A ‘Holy Mistaken Zeal’: The Legislative History and Future of Charitable Choice” in Welfare Reform and Faith-Based Organizations (Waco, TX: J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, 1999), 10, 16-22. Amy E. Black, Douglas L. Koopman, and David K. Ryden, Of Little Faith: The Politics of George W. Bush’s Faith-Based Initiatives (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004), 51-59. The Clinton Administration Reacts to Charitable Choice (1996 – 2000) Amy E. Black, Douglas L. Koopman, and David K. Ryden, Of Little Faith: The Politics of George W. Bush’s Faith-Based Initiatives (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004), 59. Julie Segal, “A ‘Holy Mistaken Zeal’: The Legislative History and Future of Charitable Choice” in Welfare Reform and Faith-Based Organizations (Waco, TX: J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, 1999), 23. Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203, 237 (1997). Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985). Brief for the Secretary of Education, Agostini v. Felton (Nos. 96-552 and 96-553), 1997 U.S. S. Ct. Briefs LEXIS 112 (February 28, 1997). Anna Greenberg, The Church and the Revitalization of Politics and Community, Political Science Quarterly115 (3): 387-388 (2000). Joseph R. Hacala, “Faith-Based Community Partnerships: Toward Justice and Empowerment” in Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001), 140-142. Community Services Block Grant Program, 42 U.S.C. Section 9920 (2008). Charitable Choice provision of Children’s Health Act of 2000, 42 U.S.C. Section 300x-65 (2008). Charitable Choice provision of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 42 U.S.C. Section 290kk et seq. (2008). Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000). Statement by President William J. Clinton on The Children’s Health Act of 2000 (October 17, 2000). Roemer v. Board of Public Works, 426 U.S. 736, 755 (1976). Part Two The 2000 Election and the George W. Bush Years (2001 – 2008) Remarks as prepared for delivery by Vice President Al Gore on the Role of Faith-Based Organizations (May 24, 1999). The Duty of Hope, Remarks of Governor George W. Bush, Indianapolis, Indiana (July 22, 1999). Faith-Based Initiatives: Eliminating Barriers to Faith-Based Action, Web Site of George W. Bush for President (August, 2, 1999). Ronald Brownstein, “Charity Begins at Church, Gov. Bush Says,” Los Angeles Times (July 23, 1999). Executive Order 11246, Equal Employment Opportunity (September 28, 1965). Lown v. Salvation Army, 393 F. Supp. 2d 223, n.2 (S.D.N.Y. 2005). David Kuo, Tempting Faith: An Inside Story of Political Seduction (New York, NY: Free Press 2006), 127, 160-162, 195-197, 200-216, 220-226, 230-232, 239-243, 248-249. Press Briefing by Tony Snow, White House Press Secretary (October 13, 2006). The 2008 Presidential Election Remarks of Senator Barack Obama, Zanesville, Ohio (July 1, 2008). Part Three Looking Forward Recommendation One: Welcome Religious Organizations to Partner with Government Avis C. Vidal, “Many Are Called, but Few Are Chosen: Faith-Based Organizations and Community Development” Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001), 131. John J. DiIulio Jr., Godly Republic: A Centrist Blueprint for America’s Faith-Based Future (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007), 153, 172-173. The Roundtable on Religion and Social Welfare Policy, Scanning the Policy Environment for Faith-based Social Services in the United States: Results of a 50-State Study (October 2003), 25. William P. Marshall, Remembering the Values of Separatism and State Funding of Religious Organizations (Charitable Choice): To Aid is Not Necessarily to Protect, 18 J. L. & Politics 479 (2002). Recommendation Two: Increase Funding for Programs that Work John J. DiIulio Jr., Godly Republic: A Centrist Blueprint for America’s Faith-Based Future (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007), 172-173. Partnering with Communities of Faith, Barack Obama’s Plan to Engage Faith-Based and Community Organizations (July 1, 2008). Recommendation Three: Use the Tools of Both the Executive Branch and Congress to Create a Consensus for a Durable Policy Partnering with Communities of Faith, Barack Obama’s Plan to Engage Faith-Based and Community Organizations (July 1, 2008). Recommendation Four: Clarify Restrictions on Direct Aid and Religious Activities Ira C. Lupu and Robert W. Tuttle, The Faith-Based Initiative and The Constitution, 55 DePaul L. Rev. 1, 79 (2005). Ira C. Lupu and Robert W. Tuttle, Constitutional Change and Responsibilities of Governance Pertaining to the Faith-based and Community Imitative (Conference on Innovations in Effective Compassion, White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, June 2008), 269. Hunt v. McNair, 413 U.S. 734, 742 (1973). Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589 (1988). Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793, 836-867 (2000)(O’Connor & Breyer, JJ., concurring in the judgment). Recommendation Five: Protect the Identity of Religious Providers Recommendation Six: Provide Guidance on Separation Between Religious Activities and Activities Funded by Direct Government Aid Ira C. Lupu and Robert W. Tuttle, The Faith-Based Initiative and The Constitution, 55 DePaul L. Rev. 1, 86 (2005). Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589 (1988). Ira C. Lupu and Robert W. Tuttle, Government Partnerships with Faith-Based Service Providers: The State of the Law (Roundtable on Religion and Social Welfare Policy, December 2002), 64-66. Partnering with Communities of Faith, Barack Obama’s Plan to Engage Faith-Based and Community Organizations (July 1, 2008). Recommendation Seven: Strengthen Protections for Beneficiaries’ Religious Liberty Rights Charitable Choice provision of Children’s Health Act of 2000, 42 U.S.C. Section 300x-65(e)(2)(2008). Charitable Choice provision of Consolidated Appropriations Act, 42 U.S.C. Section 290kk-1(f)(2)(2008). Recommendation Eight: Improve Monitoring of Compliance with Church-State Safeguards Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, 780 (1973). Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589,615, 615-617 (1988). Ira C. Lupu and Robert W. Tuttle, The Faith-Based Initiative and the Constitution, 55 DePaul L. Rev. 1, 101-102 (2005). Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203, 233-234 (1997). Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793, 861-863 (2000). Recommendation Nine: Address Religion-Based Employment Decisions in Government-Funded Jobs Melissa Rogers, “Federal Funding and Religion-based Employment Decisions” in Sanctioning Religion? Politics, Law, and Faith-based Public Services ed. David K. Ryden and Jeffrey Polet (Lynn Reinner Publishers, 2005). Partnering with Communities of Faith, Barack Obama’s Plan to Engage Faith-Based and Community Organizations (July 1, 2008). Religious Discrimination in Government-Funded Jobs: Some Constitutional and Legal Issues Grove City v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555, 575, 576 (1984). Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. 2000bb et seq. (2008). City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997). Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). Alan E. Brownstein and Melissa Rogers, “The Religious Freedom Restoration Act” in Major Acts of Congress ed. Brian K. Landsberg (MacMillan Reference Books, 2003). Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, 42 U.S.C. Section 3789d(c)(1) (2008). Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963). Report of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (July 27, 1993), Senate Report no. 103-111, VII. Section 7 & V.(g). Taking Religion into Account in Government-Funded Jobs: Some Policy Considerations Melissa Rogers, “Federal Funding and Religion-based Employment Decisions” in Sanctioning Religion? Politics, Law, and Faith-based Public Services ed. David K. Ryden and Jeffrey Polet (Lynn Reinner Publishers, 2005). Carl H. Esbeck, Stanley-Carlson-Thies, and Ronald J. Sider, The Freedom of Faith-Based Organizations to Staff on a Religious Basis (The Center for Public Justice, 2004), 18, 62. How to Address the Employment Issue Ira C. Lupu and Robert W. Tuttle, The State of the Law – 2005: Legal Developments Affecting Partnerships Between Government and Faith-Based Organizations (Roundtable on Religion and Social Welfare Policy, December 2005), 101-104. Recommendation Ten: Keep the Government Out of the Church and Simplify the Process of Forming Separate 501(c)(3) Organizations Roemer v. Board of Public Works, 426 U.S. 736, 755 (1976). Department of Agriculture Final Rule, Equal Opportunity for Religious Organizations, 7 C.F.R. Part 16, 69 Federal Register No. 131 at 41382 (July 9, 2004). Floyd Flake, “Ensuring Quality and Accountability in Faith-Based Child Care” in Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001), 262. Darren Walker, “Faith in Harlem: Community Development and the Black Church” in Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001), 151. 26 U.S.C. Section 6033 (2008). David Saperstein, Public Values in an Era of Privatization: Public Accountability and Faith-Based Organizations: A Problem Best Avoided, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 1353, 1368 (2003). Colorado Christian University v. Weaver, 534 F.3d 1245 (10th Cir. 2008). Recommendation Eleven: Avoid Cronyism and Religious Patronage by Highlighting Peer Review, Evaluation and Accountability Paul Light, A Government Ill Executed (Harvard Press, 2008), 1. David Kuo, Tempting Faith: An Inside Story of Political Seduction (New York, NY: Free Press 2006), 213-215. S. 3077, Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008. Recommendation Twelve: Promote Nonfinancial Partnerships as Much as Financial Partnerships David Hornbeck, “Faith Communities and Public Education: The View from the Superintendent’s Office” in Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? ed. E.J. Dionne Jr. and Ming Hsu Chen (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001), 192-193. Partnering with Communities of Faith, Barack Obama’s Plan to Engage Faith-Based and Community Organizations (July 1, 2008). Ohio Governor’s Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, History of the Ohio Benefit Bank. Recommendation Thirteen: Create New Incentives for Charitable Giving Charitable Contributions Deduction for Nonitemizers, Independent Sector. Recommendation Fourteen: Establish Annual Hearing to Examine Progress and Problems Recommendation Fifteen: Develop New Strategies for Outreach and Training Remarks of Senator Barack Obama, Zanesville, Ohio (July 1, 2008). Partnering with Communities of Faith, Barack Obama’s Plan to Engage Faith-Based and Community Organizations (July 1, 2008). Recommendation Sixteen: Establish a Diverse Council and Integrate Efforts into Domestic Policy Agenda Remarks of Senator Barack Obama, Zanesville, Ohio (July 1. 2008). David Kuo, Tempting Faith: An Inside Story of Political Seduction (New York, NY: Free Press 2006), 200-216, 230-232. Conclusion - Toward Common Ground Interview with Don Miller, Burnside Writer’s Blog (September 28, 2008). © Center for Religion and Public Affairs 2006 |
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